Human Health Hub

The Frequency Illusion, also known as the Baader-Meinhof phenomenon, is a cognitive bias that occurs when the thing you've just noticed, experienced, or been told about suddenly crops up constantly. It gives you the feeling that out of nowhere, pretty much everyone is talking about the subject or that it is swiftly surrounding you. For example, you might learn a new word or hear about a particular band for the first time, and then suddenly, you start seeing that word or hearing about that band everywhere. It's not that these things have suddenly become more common; it's just that you've become more aware of them. This phenomenon occurs due to a combination of selective attention and confirmation bias. Selective attention is the process by which our brains focus on certain things while ignoring others, and confirmation bias is the tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions. In essence, the Frequency Illu...

Clinical lycanthropy is a rare psychiatric disorder in which a person believes they can transform into, or has already transformed into, an animal, typically a wolf or some other kind of non-human creature. This belief is delusional and not based in reality. It is important to note that clinical lycanthropy is a psychological condition and should not be confused with the mythical concept of werewolves found in folklore and fiction. People with clinical lycanthropy may exhibit a range of symptoms, including: Delusions: They have a fixed, false belief that they can physically transform into an animal. Behavioral Changes: They may exhibit behaviors they believe are characteristic of the animal they think they've become. This might involve things like growling, snarling, or even trying to mimic the movements of the animal. Psychological Distress: The person may experience significant distress or impairment due to these beliefs. Social Isolation: These beliefs can cause the person ...

Altered mental status (AMS) refers to a change in a person's level of consciousness, awareness, and responsiveness. It's a broad term used in healthcare to describe a range of conditions where an individual's mental state deviates from what is considered normal for them. AMS can manifest in various ways, including: Confusion: The person may have difficulty thinking clearly, following instructions, or understanding their surroundings. Disorientation: They may be unsure of where they are, what time it is, or who they are. Agitation or restlessness: The person may appear unusually agitated, fidgety, or unable to stay still. Lethargy or drowsiness: They may be excessively sleepy or difficult to arouse. Unresponsiveness: In severe cases, the person may not respond to stimuli or may only respond minimally. AMS can be caused by a wide range of factors, including medical conditions (like infections, metabolic disorders, or neurological problems), drug or alcohol intoxication...

Here are some key principles and techniques of REBT: ABC Model: This is a fundamental concept in REBT. It stands for: A: Activating Event (something happens) B: Belief (the individual's interpretation of the event) C: Consequence (emotional and behavioral response to the belief) According to REBT, it's not the Activating Event itself that directly causes emotional consequences, but rather the person's Belief about the event. Irrational Beliefs: Ellis identified certain common irrational beliefs that lead to emotional distress. These include: Musts and Shoulds: Demanding that things must be a certain way, leading to frustration when they're not. Catastrophizing: Believing that the worst possible outcome will occur. Global Labeling: Using extreme terms to describe oneself or others based on specific behaviors. All-or-Nothing Thinking: Seeing things in black-and-white terms, without recognizing middle ground. Disputing Irrational Beliefs: REBT encourages individuals to...

Natural Immunity: Individuals who have been infected with SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19) develop some level of immunity. This immunity can vary in strength and duration from person to person. Some studies have suggested that natural immunity can last for several months, but the exact duration is still being researched. Vaccination: COVID-19 vaccines have played a critical role in boosting immunity in the population. They stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against the virus, which can provide protection against severe illness, hospitalization, and death. Different vaccines have varying levels of efficacy, but all authorized vaccines have demonstrated a high degree of effectiveness in preventing severe outcomes. Vaccine Effectiveness: Vaccine effectiveness can wane over time, especially against new variants of the virus. This has led to the development of booster shots, which aim to bolster and extend the protective effects of the initial vaccine series. Boo...

Inflammation is a natural process in the body, but chronic inflammation can contribute to various health issues. While it's important to consult a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement regimen, there are some vitamins and supplements that have been studied for their potential anti-inflammatory properties: Omega-3 Fatty Acids (Fish Oil): Found in fatty fish like salmon, mackerel, and sardines, as well as fish oil supplements. Omega-3 fatty acids contain EPA and DHA, which have anti-inflammatory properties. Turmeric and Curcumin: Turmeric is a spice commonly used in Indian cuisine, and its active compound is called curcumin. Curcumin has potent anti-inflammatory effects and is available in supplement form. Ginger: Ginger contains gingerol, which has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and analgesic (pain-relieving) effects. Vitamin D: Some studies suggest that vitamin D may have anti-inflammatory effects, and deficiency is associated with increased inflamma...

A secondary headache is a type of headache that is a symptom of another underlying medical condition or disease. Unlike primary headaches, which are not associated with any underlying cause, secondary headaches are a result of an identifiable and usually serious underlying problem. There are numerous potential causes of secondary headaches, including: Head Injury: Traumatic head injuries can lead to headaches as a symptom. Sinusitis: Inflammation of the sinuses can cause pain and pressure in the head. Migraines: While migraines can be primary headaches, they can also be secondary if they are triggered by an underlying condition. Medication Overuse: Excessive use of pain medications, especially those containing caffeine or codeine, can lead to rebound headaches. Infection: Various infections, such as meningitis, encephalitis, or a sinus infection, can cause secondary headaches. High Blood Pressure: Hypertension (high blood pressure) can lead to headaches, especially if it is seve...

Your child's eye health is crucial for their overall well-being and development. Here are some important things to know: Regular Eye Exams: Regular eye exams are essential to monitor your child's vision and eye health. They should have their first comprehensive eye exam at around six months of age, then at age three, and before starting school. Afterward, it's recommended to have an eye exam every two years. Visual Development Stages: Newborn to 6 Months: Babies can focus on objects up close but have trouble with distant vision. Their eyes may appear misaligned at times. 6 Months to 2 Years: Vision rapidly develops during this period. Depth perception and color vision emerge. 3 to 6 Years: Eye-hand coordination improves, and visual acuity gets closer to adult levels. Warning Signs: Squinting, Closing or Covering One Eye: This may indicate a vision problem. Frequent Eye Rubbing: Could be a sign of eye strain or fatigue. Holding Objects Very Close or Very Far Away: Indi...

existing drugs have the potential to make a significant impact on the treatment of rare diseases. Repurposing drugs, which involves using approved or investigational drugs for new indications, can be a promising strategy for rare diseases for several reasons: Known Safety Profiles: Existing drugs have established safety profiles, which can expedite the approval process for new indications. This can be especially beneficial for rare diseases, where developing a completely new drug from scratch can be time-consuming and expensive. Faster Development Timelines: Repurposing drugs can significantly shorten the drug development timeline. Since these drugs have already undergone preclinical and clinical testing for other indications, much of the required safety and efficacy data may already be available. Reduced Costs: Developing a new drug is an expensive process that can cost billions of dollars. Repurposing existing drugs can be a more cost-effective approach, as it bypasses much of the...

Yes, hair styling tools, such as curling irons, flat irons, and hair dryers, can pose a burn risk for kids if not used properly. Here are some safety tips to keep in mind: Store Tools Safely: When not in use, store hair styling tools out of reach of children. Make sure they are turned off and allowed to cool down before storing. Supervision: Always supervise children when they are using hair styling tools, especially if they are younger or less experienced. Explain the Risks: Teach children about the potential dangers of hot styling tools and explain how to use them safely. Use Protective Gear: Provide children with heat-resistant gloves or mitts to protect their hands when using hot styling tools. Set a Safe Temperature: If possible, use styling tools with adjustable temperature settings and ensure they are set to a safe level for the child's hair type. Cooling Down: Remind children to let the tool cool down completely before storing it or setting it down on a surface. Avoi...

Healthy eating is crucial for individuals with Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) to help manage their condition and promote overall well-being. Here are some dietary guidelines tailored for individuals with ADPKD: Control Blood Pressure: High blood pressure is common in people with ADPKD and can exacerbate kidney damage. A low-sodium diet is typically recommended. Aim for less than 2,300 mg of sodium per day, and ideally even lower, around 1,500 mg. Limit Protein: While protein is essential, a high-protein diet can put additional strain on the kidneys. Focus on high-quality protein sources like lean meats, fish, poultry, eggs, dairy, and plant-based options like beans, lentils, and tofu. Monitor Fluid Intake: Depending on the severity of kidney function, individuals with ADPKD may need to limit their fluid intake. Your healthcare provider can provide specific guidelines. Balanced Diet: Aim for a well-rounded diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, who...

Diabetes is a chronic condition that affects how your body regulates blood sugar (glucose). If not well managed, it can lead to various complications. Here are some common diabetes complications: Cardiovascular Disease: People with diabetes are at a higher risk of developing heart disease, including conditions like coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, and stroke. Nephropathy (Kidney Disease): Diabetes can lead to kidney damage, particularly in those with poorly controlled blood sugar levels. This can progress to chronic kidney disease and, in severe cases, kidney failure. Neuropathy (Nerve Damage): High blood sugar levels can cause nerve damage, leading to symptoms like numbness, tingling, and pain in the hands and feet. This condition can also affect digestive and urinary systems. Retinopathy (Eye Problems): Diabetes can cause damage to the blood vessels in the retina, leading to vision problems, including blindness if left untreated. Foot Complications: Nerve damage and...

Liver Damage: Alcoholic Fatty Liver: This is the earliest stage of liver damage due to alcohol consumption. It can lead to liver inflammation and discomfort in the abdomen. Alcoholic Hepatitis: This condition can cause jaundice, abdominal pain, and in severe cases, liver failure. Cirrhosis: Chronic heavy drinking is a leading cause of cirrhosis, which is the irreversible scarring of the liver tissue. Cirrhosis can lead to liver failure and various complications. Cardiovascular Problems: High Blood Pressure: Heavy drinking can contribute to hypertension, which is a risk factor for heart disease and stroke. Cardiomyopathy: Chronic alcohol abuse can weaken the heart muscle, leading to a condition called cardiomyopathy, which can result in heart failure. Gastrointestinal Issues: Pancreatitis: Alcohol can cause inflammation of the pancreas, leading to severe abdominal pain and digestive problems. Gastritis and Ulcers: Chronic drinking can irritate the stomach lining, potentially leading ...

Kidney problems can range from mild to severe, so it's important to be aware of potential warning signs. Keep in mind that these symptoms can also be indicative of other health issues, so it's crucial to consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment. Here are some common warning signs of kidney problems: Changes in Urination: Increased frequency of urination, especially at night. Difficulty in urinating or a feeling of incomplete emptying. Decreased urine output. Foamy or bubbly urine. Blood in Urine (Hematuria): This can be visible to the naked eye or detected only under a microscope. Swelling (Edema): Especially in the legs, ankles, feet, and around the eyes. Fatigue and Weakness: Generalized tiredness, lack of energy. Persistent Back Pain: Pain in the middle or lower back, typically on one side. High Blood Pressure (Hypertension): Kidneys play a key role in regulating blood pressure. Chronic kidney disease can lead to hypertension, and hypertens...

Thinning hair can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, hormonal changes, nutritional deficiencies, and other health conditions. While taking vitamins alone may not completely reverse thinning hair, they can play a supportive role in maintaining healthy hair and promoting growth. It's important to consult with a healthcare professional or a dermatologist before starting any new supplement regimen. Here are some vitamins and minerals that are commonly associated with hair health: Biotin (Vitamin B7): Biotin is often recommended for hair health. It plays a crucial role in the production of keratin, a protein that makes up hair, skin, and nails. Vitamin C: This vitamin is important for the production of collagen, which is essential for hair structure. It also helps in the absorption of iron, another important nutrient for hair health. Vitamin D: Studies have suggested a link between vitamin D deficiency and hair loss. Maintaining adequate levels of vitamin D may b...

While a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables provides essential vitamins and nutrients, certain vitamins are particularly beneficial for eye health. Here are some of the best vitamins for the eyes: Vitamin A: This vitamin is essential for good vision. It helps maintain a clear cornea (the outer covering of the eye) and is a component of rhodopsin, a protein in the eyes that allows us to see in low light conditions. Foods rich in vitamin A include carrots, sweet potatoes, kale, spinach, and eggs. Vitamin C: This antioxidant helps maintain the health of blood vessels in the eyes and may reduce the risk of cataracts. Citrus fruits like oranges, strawberries, and bell peppers are excellent sources of vitamin C. Vitamin E: Like vitamin C, vitamin E is an antioxidant that helps protect cells in the eyes from damage caused by free radicals. Nuts, seeds, and green leafy vegetables are good sources of vitamin E. Lutein and Zeaxanthin: These are antioxidants that can help filter harmf...

Here are some home remedies that may provide relief: Increase Fiber Intake: Fiber-rich foods like fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes can help soften stool and promote regular bowel movements. Aim for at least 25-30 grams of fiber per day. Stay Hydrated: Drinking plenty of water helps keep the digestive system functioning properly. Aim for at least 8 glasses (about 2 liters) of water a day. Prune Juice: Prunes and prune juice contain natural laxatives like sorbitol and fiber, which can help soften stool and stimulate bowel movements. Warm Water with Lemon: Warm water can help relax the digestive system. Adding lemon can stimulate the digestive juices and promote bowel movements. Exercise: Regular physical activity can help stimulate the intestines and promote regular bowel movements. Even a short daily walk can make a difference. Natural Oils: Olive oil, flaxseed oil, or other natural oils can lubricate the intestines and help soften stool. Take a tablespoon in the mor...

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved Pfizer’s application for Penbraya, a vaccine for people 10 through 25 that will offer protection against the five main kinds of bacteria that cause meningitis and blood poisoning. The new drug will reduce the number of doses that people need to be fully vaccinated, Pfizer said in a news release. Penbraya will be given as a two-dose series administered six months apart, Pfizer said. Medical authorities currently recommend Trumenba for meningococcal group B and Nimenrix for meningococcal groups A, C, W-135, and Y, meaning people need four doses for full protection. “In a single vaccine, PENBRAYA has the potential to protect more adolescents and young adults from this severe and unpredictable disease by providing the broadest meningococcal coverage in the fewest shots,” Annaliesa Anderson, PhD, senior vice president and head of vaccine research and development for Pfizer, said in the release. Penbraya combines Trumenba, which is mad...

What Is an Apple? An apple is a crunchy, bright-colored fruit, which is one of the most popular in the U.S. You’ve probably heard the age-old saying, “An apple a day keeps the doctor away.” Although eating apples isn’t a cure-all, it is good for your health.European settlers brought apples with them to the Americas. They preferred apples to North America’s native crabapple, a smaller, tarter fruit.Today, many types of apples are grown in the U.S., but a small percentage of the ones you can buy in grocery stores are imported. Each type of apple has a different shape, color, and texture. An apple can be sweet or sour, and its flavor can vary depending on what type you’re eating. Apple types There are many varieties, including: Red Delicious McIntosh Crispin Gala Granny Smith Fuji Honeycrisp Apple Health Benefits Apples can do a lot for you, thanks to plant chemicals called flavonoids. And they have pectin, a fiber that breaks down in your gut. If you take off the apple’s skin before...

Natural cough remedies can be helpful in soothing irritation and promoting healing. However, it's important to note that if your cough persists for an extended period, is severe, or is accompanied by other concerning symptoms, you should seek advice from a healthcare professional. Here are some natural remedies for cough relief: Honey: Honey is a well-known natural cough suppressant. It can help soothe a sore throat and reduce coughing. Mix a teaspoon of honey with warm water or herbal tea. Ginger Tea: Ginger has anti-inflammatory properties and can help relieve irritation in the throat. Make ginger tea by steeping fresh ginger slices in hot water. Add honey and lemon for extra benefits. Steam Inhalation: Inhaling steam can help moisten the airways and soothe irritation. Boil water, pour it into a bowl, and inhale the steam while covering your head with a towel. Saltwater Gargle: Gargling with warm saltwater can help reduce throat irritation. Dissolve half a teaspoon of salt in...

FUPA stands for "Fat Upper Pubic Area." It refers to the area of fat or excess skin that can accumulate above the pubic bone, often creating a noticeable bulge or pouch. This term is colloquial and not a medical or scientific classification. It's important to note that the accumulation of fat in this area can be influenced by various factors, including genetics, diet, exercise habits, and overall body composition. It's also worth mentioning that body fat distribution can vary widely from person to person, and what might be considered a "normal" distribution can differ based on factors like gender and genetics. If someone is concerned about their body composition or has questions about health and fitness, it's advisable to consult with a healthcare professional or a qualified fitness expert. What Causes FUPA? When you gain weight, fat can accumulate all over your body. This includes the region above your pubic area — technically called the mons pubis. I...

When you have hypothyroidism, you may not realize it at first. The symptoms come on slowly. Some of them, like fatigue, happen when you have other conditions, too. You may mistake them for signs of aging or stress. Hypothyroidism can make you feel tired and sensitive to cold. You might gain a few pounds, too. Low thyroid levels can also affect your mood and thinking. For example, you might have: Depression Memory problems Trouble thinking clearly You may have pain, stiffness, and swelling in your: Muscles Joints FaceChanges in your skin can happen, too. It can become: Cool and pale Dry and itchy Rough or scaly Yellow-looking, especially on the soles of your feet, palms, and the "laugh lines" of your face Your nails may turn brittle or grow slowly. Your hair might change, too. It could become brittle or coarse, or you could have hair loss. Sometimes you can get thinning or loss of eyebrow ha...

It's important to note that no treatment guarantees complete removal, and results can vary from person to person. Steroid Injections: Corticosteroid injections are a common first-line treatment for keloids. They work by reducing inflammation and suppressing the immune response that contributes to excessive scar formation. Multiple injections may be needed over a period of time. Silicone Sheets or Gels: Applying silicone sheets or gels to the keloid can help flatten and soften the scar tissue. These products are available over-the-counter or as prescription-strength options. Pressure Dressings or Bandages: Applying pressure to the keloid with specialized dressings or bandages can help reduce its size and appearance over time. This method is often used in conjunction with other treatments. Cryotherapy: This involves freezing the keloid with liquid nitrogen to help shrink it. Cryotherapy may be combined with other treatments for better results. Laser Therapy: Various types of las...

Which response do you prefer? Your choice will help make ChatGPT better. ChatGPT Response 1 Artificial skin, also known as synthetic skin or skin substitute, refers to a material or a system designed to mimic the properties and functions of natural human skin. It is used in various medical and research applications, particularly in the fields of dermatology, wound care, and plastic surgery. There are several types and uses of artificial skin, each serving different purposes: Temporary Coverings: These are used for temporary protection of wounds, burns, or surgical incisions. They are often made of materials like silicone, hydrocolloids, or foams. These coverings help in reducing the risk of infection, providing a moist environment for wound healing, and offering mechanical protection. Biological Skin Substitutes: These are more complex and are typically composed of living cells embedded in a scaffold. They are used in cases where a significant portion of skin is damaged or lost, suc...

Granuloma inguinale, also known as Donovanosis, is a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Klebsiella granulomatis. It primarily affects the genital and perianal regions, but it can also occur in other warm, moist areas of the body. This condition is rare in many parts of the world, including North America and Europe, and is more commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions. Here are some key points about Granuloma Inguinale (Donovanosis): Causative Agent: The bacterium Klebsiella granulomatis is responsible for causing Donovanosis. It infects the tissue and causes the formation of painless, raised, beefy-red lesions or ulcers. Transmission: It is primarily transmitted through sexual contact, although cases of transmission through non-sexual contact have been reported, albeit rarely. Incubation Period: The incubation period (time from exposure to the appearance of symptoms) can range from a few days to several weeks. Symptoms: The primary symptom of granuloma inguinale...

A finger condom, also known as a finger cot, is a protective covering for a finger. It's often used in situations where you want to protect a wounded or injured finger from further contamination or to protect others from potential infection. Here's how you can use a finger condom: How Do Finger Condoms Help with Sexual Health? Fingers are often used during sexual activities — a practice known as digital sex. However, when you move your fingers from one orifice to another, you can also move bodily fluids and bacteria, causing infections. ‌ ‌‌Protective barriers such as finger condoms can protect against most — though not all — STDs. You also want to keep your hands clean after, for example, fingering the anus and then moving those same fingers to other parts of the body. Of course, you may not want to stop in the middle of sex to wash your hands. In that case, remove the finger condom after one sexual activity and put on a new one before the next, allowing sex to continue sa...

What’s a Desire Disorder? Desire disorder is a persistent lack of physical desire for sex and a lack of sexual activity, or even sexual thoughts or fantasies that causes you distress. For men, desire disorder symptoms must persist for at least 6 months. Some people may also have sexual aversion disorder (SAD), where they feel an aversion to any sexual contact with their partner. How Do You Know if You Have a Desire Disorder? Your doctor can diagnose your desire disorder based on your symptoms. They’ll ask you if: Your desire is lower than it was in the past Your lack of desire causes you distress Your lack of libido or sexual activity causes problems in your relationship or love life It can be distressing for the person experiencing it and can also lead to difficulties in intimate relationships. Desire disorders are typically classified into two main categories: Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder (HSDD): This is characterized by a persistently low level of sexual interest or desire...

The World Health Organization (WHO) approved a second malaria vaccine last week. The decision could offer a less costly and readily available shot to help fight the disease. Britain’s Oxford University developed the new three-shot vaccine along with the Serum Institute of India. Research suggests it is more than 75 percent effective. The vaccine can protect people for another year with an additional shot called a booster. Tedros said the shot would cost about $2 to $4 and could be available in some countries next year. Earlier this year, health officials in the African countries of Ghana and Burkina Faso also approved the vaccine. The WHO approved the first malaria vaccine in 2021. The U.N. agency described the vaccine development as an “historic” effort to end the deadly disease in Africa. The continent is home to most of the world’s estimated 200 million malaria cases and 400,000 malari...

You’ve probably already heard that having good posture is pretty important. Did you know that goes for your sleeping posture, too? Different sleeping positions have an effect on your shoulders, neck, and spine. Good posture is more than just about standing tall with pride and confidence. Your posture has several different effects on your health. Poor posture, even when you’re lying down or sleeping, can be the cause of unnecessary muscle or ligament strain. Having good posture helps you to maintain balance when you move and walk. This is defined as having your weight centered over your feet. Having good balance helps you move more efficiently when doing everyday tasks, like going up and down stairs or turning around. Practicing good posture also helps to reduce the risk of injury while training or doing sports. Poor posture can be caused by: Stress Weak postural...